The Pathophysiology of Hepatitis B Essay -- Health, Diseases

Introduction Hepatitis B, an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV, a DNA virus), was formerly called serum hepatitis, inoculation hepatitis and post-transfusion hepatitis. Infection with HBV may result in acute, fulminant or chronic hepatitis, sometimes even resulting in a chronic asymptomatic carrier state, apart from hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (Davis 179). The disease is transmitted when an individual comes in contact with infected blood or objects. It may also be transferred from an infected mother to her infant either during or after birth (Zuckerman et al. 211). Transmission may also occur by accidental inoculation from infected needles and hospital equipment, intravenous drug abuse, body piercing, tattooing, and mouth-mouth kissing (Zuckerman et al. 210). The risk of Hepatitis B is particularly high in individuals with multiple sex partners, and in homosexuals. The HBV virus occurs in morphologically different forms in the serum of infected individuals. HBV infection has an incubation period of about 75 days. Systemic symptoms of the disease include fatigue, fever, dyspepsia, arthralgia, malaise, and rash, while local symptoms include hepatomegaly, jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools (Davis 179; Zuckerman et al. 210). Anatomical/physiological/biochemical changes that lead to the disease Hepatitis B results from cellular injury to the liver, subsequently affecting its metabolic functions. However, the HBV is not cytopathic by itself. The pathogenesis of Hepatitis B occurs as a result of the interactions between the host’s immune system and the virus. The host immune system targets HBV in liver cells (hepatocytes), inadvertently causing damage to the liver. HBV derived proteins (... ...BeAg), bilirubin level, and platelet count (Pyrsopoulos and Reddy). The disease prognosis can be done by calculating the prognostic index based on the status of these six variables. Conclusion HBV infection is complex and affects a large population worldwide. The discovery of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) in 1965 by Blumberg et al. (1965) set the stage for rapid progress in understanding and counteracting the disease (qtd in Zuckerman et al. 210). Liver function tests help in estimating the extent of damage caused to the liver during HBV infection. Diagnosis is done by detecting viral specific antigens in the serum. Both active and passive immunization options exist for disease prophylaxis. However, it is always best to practice caution over the parenteral, sexual and other routes of transmission of the disease for effective disease prevention and prophylaxis.

Black Swan, Cinema Paper

Sarah Risner Dr. Foley Cinema 19 November 2012 Black Swan â€Å"Black Swan† is a movie with a dark transformation of Nina the white swan metamorphosing herself into the black swan, with symbolism and psychosis playing well within the movie. Most of this movie plays into the world the ballerina, and exposes some of the hidden motives of this world. The other world this movie plays into is the world of someone with psychosis, and the mysteries that follow between both worlds. It seems the ballerina world feeds into the patient with psychosis and feeds the mental illness.After one watches this movie they will be horrified and troubled at the same time. The character of Nina will leave one trying to figure out the mysteries of Nina’s life. It actually leaves the audience with more questions than answers after watching the movie. The questions are what give the movie great success. The setting of â€Å"Black Swan† takes place in New York at a ballerina studio where Ni na and Lily are preparing for the production of Swan Lake. The plot of the movie is about Nina and her obsession with dance. Her mother is a former ballerina and is very controlling of her daughter.The dance director by the name of Thomas Leroy decides to replace the character Beth with Nina for the new season of Swan Lake. Nina is his choice, but he also has eyes for the character Lily. Nina feels competition between herself and Lily. Nina has an obsessive view between herself and Lily. This part is complicated because it means the character has to play both the white swan and the black swan. The white swan requires the ballerina to play a part of purity and elegance. The black swan part requires the ballerina to play a part of cunning and sexuality.Nina will go to the dark side of this character and it will drive her insane. Lily and Nina form a candid friendship which seems to be insane itself. The conflict of this movie is the inner struggle of Nina with her own personality wagi ng war against itself. The character change of this movie is with the main character of Nina. Nina starts out innocent and ends up exploring her dark side in order to turn herself into the character of the black swan. Some universal symbolism found in this movie is the use of the character Lily asNina’s doppelganger. The symbol is of course is the twin/double identity of Nina’s self. This embodies Nina’s good/evil sides of herself. Mirrors are used in the film to show Nina splitting into two different personalities. The cultural symbolism in this movie is seen in black and white symbolism. Black of course shows the dark side of Nina, and white the good side of Nina. It is shown with actual color within most of the movie though. The theme of this movie is the cost of fame, along with the dark sides of show business.It also shows complexities of trying to be perfect and how the stress of perfection can be one’s downfall. According to The Sticky Shoe Review by Logan Arney, says the Black Swan having a target audience is a bold statement. The reason for this being that the movie has attracted all kinds of people to watching it due to the Oscars and so forth. It has almost created its own target, or curious on-seekers just wondering what goes on in this film. The marketing of this film has many causes to it such as big names. The big acting names are Natalie Portman who stars in this film, director Darren Aronofsky.Aronofsky himself has directed big hits such as â€Å"The Wrestler†, â€Å"The Fountain†, â€Å"Requiem for a Dream†, and â€Å"Pi†. Natalie Portman has starred in big hits such as â€Å"V is for Vendetta†, and â€Å"The Other Boleyn Girl†. Adding to this list are the other two big actors being Vincent Cassel, and Wynonna Ryder and not to mention this film being the buzz at the Venice Film Festival of 2010. There is a lot of PR when this bag of names is mentioned (Mu). The script used in this film was written by Mark Heyman, Andres Heinz, and John McLaughlin. The story was written by Andres Heinz (IMDb).According to Tom Long, giving his critical response about this film, he believes the movie works due to Portman’s great commitment to character which gives the movie its greatness. He also admits this movie is not necessarily for everyone, but for anyone looking for the horror and craziness in a ballerina movie (Long). The mise-en-scene in â€Å"Black Swan† shows up as black and white color. For one, the costume of the dancers shows as black and white. The dress in the reception is black, as are the walls of the ballet company. The editing of this movie was done by Andrew Weisblum (IMDb).What made the editing so great in this movie was how the emotions were transferred on film while adeptly telling the good story. The lighting in â€Å"Black Swan† is very dramatic with tones of greens and magentas showing up within different characters, and of course the black and whites within the film. The music in this film is like any suspense thriller movie in that one knows something is about to happen when a scary tune starts to play. The sound effects seem to mimic the actual swan cry in some parts of the movie. This in effect makes the film very symbolic of the actual animal of a swan.This movie has many camera angles that clearly explore this movies symbolism. One of the high-angle shots of this film is when the character of Nina when she is dancing on stage, and she is looked down on by the audience. A good close-up shot are when it shows Nina’s feet and it shows how much control she has in her movement. A significant wide-shot in the movie is when we are in Nina’s bedroom, and there is light hitting the bed. The medium-shot in the movie that probably catches most everyone’s eye is when Nina is passing her other self on the subway.This movie uses mostly the fixed-camera. In conclusion, this movie clearly g oes beyond any limit set forth on most film. It has used more symbolism than other movies which makes it quite interesting. It also has the uncanny terroristic theme of terror imposed within it. One feels as if the ballerina world has been exposed while showing to what extremes the female ballerina will go thru to stay skinny, and be perfect. The black and whites of the film show to what extremes in which the ballerina will show herself through. Works Cited Arney, Logan. â€Å"Black Swan. The Stickey Shoe Review (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 http://stickyshoereview. com/? p=107 â€Å"Black Swan,† IMDb (2010): 1. July 20, 2012 < http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0947798/> Long, Tom. â€Å"Review: Natalie Portman soars in ‘Black Swan'† The Detroit News Opinion (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 < http://www. detroitnews. com/article/20101210/OPINION03/12100326/1034/ent02/Review–Natalie-Portman-soars-in–Black-Swan-> Mu, Jennifer. â€Å"Love this Black Swan Film Marketi ng,† Luminosity Marketing (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 < http://luminositymarketing. com/blog/? p=2616>

Macbeth The Duality Of Human Nature - 1741 Words

One of the prominent themes is appearance versus reality, the duality of human nature. In Macbeth we see this theme numerous times in many of the scenes. In act 1 scene 3 Macbeth meets the witches for the first time they give him the vision of being ‘thane of Cawdor’ and thereafter the ‘king’ himself. After the vision we begin to see that Macbeth has begun pondering whether he shall murder Duncan and taking his ‘rightful’ place as king. However at the end of this scene he begins to think in a rational manner and states â€Å"If chance may have me king, why chance may crown me without my stir† and â€Å"Come what come may, time and the hour runs through the roughest day† this shows that he believes that if it is a prophecy then it will come true without him having to do anything. Banquo had warned Macbeth that â€Å"oftentimes to win us to our harm these instruments of darkness tell us truths†¦to betray us in deepest consequen ce† although Macbeth stubbornly overlooked Banquo’s words of advice as his judgment was clouded with the with his determination and desire of the power and position he will be held in as king as well as lady Macbeth excellent persuading skills when the news reaches her Macbeth becomes more insistent to overthrow the king. Macbeth begins as a respectable soldier however when he is persuaded by his wife lady Macbeth to kill the king his mentality completely changes into a ruthless, hypocritical, evil tyrant. Macbeth is seen as ambitious and determined to do thingsShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Hamlet1122 Words   |  5 Pagesperson under unlawful circumstances and not justified by the law. We don’t know what exactly makes murder, murder. As humans, civilized people, we have a set of moral teachings and the most important teaching of all is knowing right from wrong. Murder is put into the wrong and evil category by humans. Not only is murder wrong, but many question why murder is even committed by a human. Is it committed to fulfill a certain rationale, or perhaps just for satisfaction to rid the world of that being? NoRead MoreDepartment 19 Villains1170 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Essay English Through the study of the three texts; Department 19 by Will Hill, ‘Macbeth’ the play and The Social Network by David Fincher, it is evident that literary villains are archetypes that often represent the evil side of human nature. One may argue that each villain has certain traits that allow the reader to be drawn to the terror and horror of their deeds yet also allow readers to reflect upon the society that has created such individuals. Authors stray their villains from the stereotypeRead MoreThemes Of Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde And Macbeth1322 Words   |  6 Pageseverything is as bad as too little† (Ferber). The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Stevenson and Macbeth by William Shakespeare both illustrate this idea. In Stevenson’s novel, a scientist named Henry Jekyll experiments with the phenomenon of separating one’s dual nature, which unfortunately kills him because he is not able to take control of his evil side. In Shakespeare’ s play, Macbeth, a Scottish general, is consumed by the desire to become king and kills many people to achieve his goalRead MoreComparing Human Nature in Macbeth and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde1596 Words   |  7 PagesDr Jekyll and Mr Hyde CA The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written in the Victorian Era by Robert Louis Stevenson, this novella dwells into the concept of the duality of human nature. The narrative is extremely fragmented structure due to the use of multiple narrators and through the use of mixed media, in the form of letters and accounts. The inconsistent structure conveys that of a gothic detective story; which were very popular in the Victorian era. Victorian London at the time wasRead MoreMacbeth- General Information, Rough Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the play Macbeth makes a journey from following a moral ethic, implementing a flawed ethic, and arriving to a point where he had none at all. When comparing Banquo and Macbeth, after they meet the weird sisters, one see’s that Banquo adheres to warrior ethics where Macbeth moves away from it. At the start of the play Macbeth was idolised by everyone and thought to have been a man of very great power whom could be defeated by nobody: â€Å"All is too weak for brave Macbeth – well he deservesRead MoreAs is evident in the work of most writers, Shakespeare’s writing was modified and developed over1800 Words   |  8 PagesKing Lear, Goneril and Regan were created as unsympathetic female characters, essentially the antagonists of the plays. However, in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is portrayed with many of the same characteristics of Goneril and Regan, yet is seen as a tragic character because she is later portrayed in a sympathetic light. As Goneril and Regan precede the creation of Lady Macbeth, comparing and contrasting their characteristics can then be used to identify Shakespeare’s evolution of the female roles within hisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream And Fool1401 Words   |  6 Pagestaint their wit. (III, i, 60-68) In many cases, Shakespearean fools are downplayed by contemporary dramatists and audiences as comic characters that break up the serious content of Shakespeare’s plays. Such critics point to the porter in Macbeth who appears after Macbeth has just killed the king, or the grave diggers in Hamlet who show up after Ophelia’s suicide. While this role for fool characters has its viability and is true to a degree, the Shakespearean fool may be more complex than it is given creditRead MoreThe Character of Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth Essay examples2096 Words   |  9 PagesThe Character of Lady Macbeth  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Macbeth is a central character in Shakespeares play, Macbeth; she provides a link between the unnatural realm of the witches and reality. Lady Macbeth appears to become the catalyst for the predictions of the witches. Perhaps the witches planted the seeds of dreams, desire and destiny but it is the unrelenting drive of Lady Macbeth that finally cajoles Macbeth into murdering the king.    Lady Macbeth is a woman of single purpose. On receivingRead MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 Pagesthink that brazen cars is in reference to battle/warfare. Summary The poet asks who will follow King Fergus example and leave the cares of the world to know the wisdom of nature. He exhorts young men and women alike to leave off brooding over loves bitter mystery and to turn instead to the mysterious order of nature, over which Fergus rules. Analysis This short poem is full of mystery and complexity. It was James Joyces favorite poem, and figures in his famous novel Ulysses, where Stephen

Japanese Mythology And Folklore Make Up An Extremely Large...

Japanese mythology and folklore make up an extremely large portion of the Shinto religion, of which approximately 2,700,001 people follow worldwide (Pew Research Center). What has kept people fastened to this religion as opposed to the larger faiths such as: Christianity, Buddhism, and Hindus? The majority of people who are researching different religions do not look at less common religions such as this one. Shinto is a series of Japanese myths and folktales that are still passed from parent to child. Japanese myths and folklore were passed around orally until 712 AD. When the Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters, was written; now anyone can access several of those such as the Creation Story and Momotaro The Creation Story is the most important part of any religion; it tells about the God or gods, why you are what you are, how the Earth came into being, and quite often a list of ancient genealogy. The first three kami, Amenominakanusi (Lord of the Centre of Heaven), Takamimusubi (August High Producer), and Kamimusubi (August Divine Producer), emerged from a white cloud before the Earth had taken shape and was just a shapeless mass, moving constantly. From that shapeless mass came the first plant, and from that plant the kami Umasiasikabipikodi (Pleasant Prince Elder of the Reed Shoot) and Amenotokotati (Everlasting Heaven Stander). These five were followed by seven more generations of deities, who appeared in male and female partners, the last couple was Izanagi and Izanami.

Essay on Plagiarism - 1832 Words

Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal - TS Eliot Plagiarism is, as defined by the Council of Writing Program Administrators, is â€Å"in an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas or other original (not common-knowledge) without acknowledging its source.† Plagiarism is a nice word for cheating. [1] Analyzing that sentence, â€Å"deliberately† and â€Å"without acknowledging its source† are the keywords that cause a lot of confusion in the world of art, specifically more so, the world of academics. Plagiarism is a problem because it is often too broad and confusing term. First, most students do not realize that they are committing plagiarism when writing. Simply because, there†¦show more content†¦[3] To combat this large number of plagiarism, Professor Bloomfield of physics at University of Virginia, has developed a free program that compares writing to that which has already be en writing to determine whether the writing is genuine or stolen. [4][5] In the academic world versus that of the general world, students feel like they are going to get away with it. In the working world, in journalism for example, if a journalist is caught stealing a story from another source without properly citing their information, it can be grounds for immediate dismissal. In April of 2007, a CBS producer was fired for plagiarism. The producer, who is unnamed, was dismissed for writing an essay, almost verbatim, to that of Jeffery Zaslows article â€Å"Of the Places You’ll Go, Is The Library Still One of Them?† of the Wall Street Journal. [6] In January 2010, Zachery Kouwe a New York Times reporter, was fired for plagiarism when he â€Å"improperly appropriated wording and passages published by other news organizations†. He copied an article from the Huffington Post, which was almost identical, that was posted two hours before the Times posted Kouweâ€℠¢s article. [7] Even Martin Luther King plagiarized. When he attended Boston University, he plagiarized his dissertation for his doctorate. Even more interesting, the â€Å"IShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism : Plagiarism And Plagiarism815 Words   |  4 Pages There are many types of plagiarism, including several scenarios of inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. This essay will discuss how plagiarism is defined, the various types of plagiarism, why plagiarism is such a serious problem, the impact of the internet on academic integrity, and how plagiarism can be avoided. It will also provide suggestions on ways to eliminate both inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. There are several ways to define plagiarism. One such definition, according to the RegisRead MorePlagiarism And The Ethics Of Plagiarism926 Words   |  4 Pagesand parents have heard the term â€Å"plagiarism† while talking about writing essays, poems, and other works. Plagiarism is defined as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own† by Merriam-Webster dictionary. While plagiarism may be denoted as stealing one’s work without credit, a more vast and broad definition usually applies to college level work. Every college and university has their own handbook and code of conduct on what exactly â€Å"plagiarism† is defined as, and what are theRead MorePlagiarism : What Is Plagiarism?1583 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is using someone else’s work, words, production, researches and ideas without the approval or the acknowledgment of the writer or producer, and claiming the credit for himself. Many reasons and factors are attributed for the use of plagiarism and could be cultural, historical, linguistic, environmental and educational background. Plagiarism is a form of an academic dishonesty, academic misconduct, and a digital cheating. It is declared to be an unacceptable legal actRead MorePlagiarism And The Consequences Of Plagiarism1379 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper we will cover plagiarism. We will cover a brief history of plagiarism and look at the different types of plagiarism, as well as compare and contrast the different types. We will also look at who is most prone to plagiarize and why. We will also discuss the role plagiarism plays in academia and the consequences to plagiarizing. Webster’s online Dictionary defines plagiarism as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own: use (another s production) withoutRead MorePlagiarism And Academic Integrity : Plagiarism1305 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is a topic that is consistently brought up in many areas of education.1 In every syllabus presented to students, there is a section that refers to plagiarism and academic integrity. Plagiarism can be defined as â€Å"the act or instance of stealing or passing off ideas or words of another as one’s own.†2 Despite this being an important piece of information; students may overlook this material and still plagiarize. In a study from the University of Toronto, 90% of senior pharmacy students admittedRead MorePlagiarism2189 Words   |  9 PagesPlagiarism: Why it Continues to Occur? Darian Camacho English 111, Section 11 Professor Coulter March 21, 2013 Plagiarism: Why it Continues to Occur? The increase in plagiarism has gained the attention of many institutions, administrators and educators, as well as researchers and the public. This increase has brought to attention the concern of why plagiarism continues to occur. In order to debate this concern we should first understand the definition and background of plagiarism, theRead MorePlagiarism Habits Of Politicians : Plagiarism876 Words   |  4 PagesReshma Shrestha Dr. Lynn R.Brink Government 2305-71001 11th September, 2016 Plagiarism Habits of Politicians The word Plagiarism means, it is an acknowledgement that something came from other source or imitates from other s work. Plagiarism is also considered as copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit. In these articles, Evan Osnos describes plagiarism in different field and their negative impact. Mainly, our society also practiced this even they know it is notRead MorePlagiarism605 Words   |  3 PagesTitle : A theft of works among the students : Plagiarism. During the antiquity, it exists an ancient concept called plagiarism. Plagiarism is happened when a student fail to properly document and give attribution to the source of ideas and text in his work. Alongside with the commercialization of writing, the concept of copyright and the rights given to authors has developed (VAIL Faculty Administrator, 1996-2003). However, the problem of plagiarism has been increased nowadays and became a highlyRead MorePlagiarism And Politics : Plagiarism927 Words   |  4 PagesSaroj Dahal Professor Dr. Sharon Manna GOVT 2305-71005 19 Sep, 2016 Plagiarism and politics Plagiarism is an act of stealing someone else’s original ideas or thoughts (either written or oral) and copying it either exactly in a same way or remixing it, without giving credit to the owner. In today’s world, Plagiarism is omnipresent. People try to imitate others watching them in TVs, movies, and songs which tend them to plagiarize knowingly or accidentally. It can be found in almost all fields likeRead MorePlagiarism Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesI think there was far more plagiarism in the last century. It was almost an accepted part of writing. The ethics of writing has changed. Nobody gets upset about whether Shakespeare plagiarized something. But I think the standards have to be pretty high now, particularly for non-fiction writers. [1] Introduction to Plagiarism According to most leading authorities, including The Office of Research Integrity, plagiarism includes both the theft or misrepresentation of intellectual property and the

Language learning styles used by students in globalization Free Essays

English linguistic communication is truly considered as a important linguistic communication since it has been used for pass oning worldwide. Therefore, larning English is really common in many states and linguistic communication acquisition manners are used by pupils in globalisation. Language learning manners are the nucleus factors that help make up one’s mind how the pupils learn a foreign linguistic communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Language learning styles used by students in globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now A foreign linguistic communication is a linguistic communication studied in an environment where it is non the major vehicle for every twenty-four hours communicating and where input in the linguistic communication is classified ( Rebecca, 2003 ) . In an article by Mulalic et Al. ( 2009 ) , pupils larning manners have been unnoticed as an irrelevant faculty in the acquisition procedure. Apparently, one time lecturers become cognizant that different pupils learn assorted manners, they try to suit those learning manners in the schoolroom. When looking into lectors ‘ instruction patterns, it is possible to understand that the bulk of the lectors are non sensitive with their pupils larning manners. The jobs occur when lectors are non cognizant of the significance to make and research acquisition manners. Harmonizing to Felder ( 1996 ) , how much pupils learn in the category is determined partly by the pupils ‘ ability and anterior readying, and the capableness of their acquisition manners and the lector ‘s instruction manners. More specifically, Godleski et Al. ( 1984 ) , the pupils tend to be bored and inattentive in category, do ill on trials, acquire discouraged about the class, and may reason that they are non good at the topic of the class and give it up. In a research survey by Izzo ( 1980 ) , confirmed that the size of category is an of import physical factor which influences the pick of method, decreases the sum of single attending that the instructor gives to each pupil. However, she argued that little categories are preferred for linguistic communication acquisition and correlated significantly with linguistic communication accomplishment. In the research article by Tan ( 2008 ) , identified the chief troubles and jobs of EFL scholars in authorship by analysing the nature of their writing mistakes. The outstanding causes of the mistakes were attributable to the restriction of vocabulary size, low grammar apprehension and obstructor from first linguistic communication. In the determination of the survey, six effectual instructional schemes were suggested so that instructors can follow a more successful attack to better pupils ‘ composing proficiency such as acquisition words, instruction of cardinal sentence construction, demoing reading method, rectifying mistake and category meeting, apprehension of first linguistic communication intervention, and composing inducement. Since English linguistic communication has been introduced in Cambodia, EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners have adapted to the linguistic communication acquisition. In the past pupils were likely to acquire cognition through listening to the instructors while instructors lacked specific developing about learning methodological analysis. In the survey by ( Nguyen 2001 ) , the learning manner of Kampuchean pupils is typically memorisation at the disbursal of realistic intent. Consequently, they would instead larn grammar and reading than on hearing and speech production. Specifically, most Kampuchean scholars feel more comfy and gratifying with holding things which are written on the whiteboard in order that they can compose them down and survey at place. Hopefully, pupils hope to acquire press releases of sum-ups or talk lineations. Furthermore, some Kampuchean scholars reveal that they face a batch of force per unit areas of how to accommodate the new cultural environment and how to acquire on with their equals in category. Some feel lonely because the ways they dress or talk are so different. As for the instance of EFL Cambodian schoolrooms, Keuk ( 2009 ) , found that most instructors use practical accustomed learning methods such as vocabulary interlingual rendition from 2nd linguistic communication to first linguistic communication. As a consequence, pupils are taught to retrieve balls of English linguistic communication with chiefly focused on grammar and vocabulary. 1.2 Problem statement Without acknowledging proper acquisition manners, pupils seem non to accomplish better consequences in their academic public presentation. Furthermore, pupils are less likely to better their linguistic communication acquisition really rapidly, as they do non cognize the effectual acquisition manners. In malice of the assortment of academic classs which the EFL university pupils take in English, and the tough attempts universities and lectors apply to develop pupils ‘ linguistic communication accomplishments, the pupils ‘ linguistic communication public presentation, unluckily, has been boring. This could be recognized to the diverse acquisition manners and wonts which are used by pupils in analyzing English, including preferring holding things written on the whiteboard to listening to the lectors ‘ account, jitteriness of speech production in schoolroom, preferring grammar interlingual rendition signifier foremost linguistic communication to 2nd linguistic communica tion while larning English linguistic communication, and preferring working separately and personally to working in braces or groups. Didactically, most of the lectors pattern traditional instruction method, grammar interlingual rendition method signifier foremost linguistic communication to 2nd linguistic communication while learning English linguistic communication. The concluding noticeable job is that big categories pose some important challenges in category room scene and decreased effectivity of schoolroom direction. 1.3 Aims of the survey This survey aims specifically to place the acquisition manners of EFL private university pupils in Cambodia. More interestingly, this survey intends to research the grounds why Kampuchean university pupils use different manners in their learning English as a foreign linguistic communication. 1.4 Research inquiries This research aims to look into the effectual factors in larning English as a foreign linguistic communication. The undermentioned research inquiries can be formulated for the survey below. 1. How do Kampuchean university pupils describe their acquisition manners used in larning English as a Foreign Language? 2. Why do the pupils use different manners in their acquisition English? 1.5 Significance of the Study As a portion of educational development, this survey is important for four grounds. First, researching pupils ‘ acquisition manners in English in Cambodian higher instruction will assist better pupil ‘s linguistic communication acquisition. Second, the survey will cast visible radiation on the effectual acquisition manners of EFL successful Cambodian university pupils, which can be used as a theoretical account of larning English. Third, this research will assist to lend to the utility of appropriate vocabulary instruction and larning techniques in order to advance vocabulary acquisition, peculiarly in EFL Cambodian context. In add-on, from a methodological perceptual experience, it is besides hoped that the findings from this survey will be utile for supplying meaningful suggestions for get the better ofing the jobs that may originate sing the acquisition manners of pupils and how to suit assorted scholars in EFL schoolroom. 16 Definition of cardinal footings In an effort to better understand this survey, some cardinal footings are defined as follows. EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners mean techniques, behaviours, actions, wonts and stairss employed by scholars larning English as a Foreign Language to better and develop their different linguistic communication accomplishments: speech production, listening, reading, and composing. Furthermore, the term larning manner refers to the general attack preferred by the pupil when larning a topic, geting a linguistic communication, or covering with a hard job ( Oxford 2001 ; Reid 1998 ) 1.7 Proposed Chapter This paper will be chronologically composed of five chief chapters. Chapter one is the debut, dwelling of background of the survey, research worker job, research aim, research inquiry, significance of the survey, and definition of cardinal constructs. Chapter two is literature reappraisal, which discusses on the jobs and solutions of the survey. Chapter three is methodological analysis, which consists of research design, participants, method, instruments, tools informations aggregation, information analysis, cultural consideration, strengths and restriction of research. Chapter four is treatment and findings of the survey, analysing the informations collected from the interviews. Chapter five is decision and recommendation, sum uping the jobs and findings of the survey and proposing some schemes to assist better the failings. Furthermore, these five chapters are followed consistently by mentions and appendices. CHAPTER2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Specifying acquisition manners In a survey by Aqel A ; Mahmoud ( 2006 ) determined EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners which are used in An-Najah National University. Consequently, the consequence of the findings suggested a assortment of learning English manners, including altering pupils ‘seats, bring forthing effectual activities, and utilizing ocular AIDSs, which are suited with larning manners used by pupils. Furthermore, the research workers suggested computing machine as a necessary class in English Department and Department of Teaching Methods which give its successful undertaking in doing pupils rely on themselves to develop their linguistic communication proficiency. Besides, the research worker proposes that a survey should be conducted at other universities to detect the usage of larning manners of EFL pupils and the nexus between these manners and pupil ‘s features. In the research survey by Marin ( 2003 ) , the focal point of the probe was on the linguistic communication acquisition manners looking that pupils face linguistic communication troubles with great accomplishment but with small attempts. However, other pupils faced these troubles with a small success and satisfaction. Besides, this article proved that each scholar had his/her good manner of larning through his/her civilization, educational background and personality. Heffernan ( 1999 ) as cited in Aqel ( 2006 ) , determined that many surveies on linguistic communication acquisition manners applied and gained otherwise base on motive and result, degree of linguistic communication, old ages of learning linguistic communication, learning methods, hard content, and pupils ‘ background and sex. He besides added that successful linguistic communication scholars use assorted manners in larning linguistic communication, and the instructor can assist in increasing acquisition manners through learning schemes that likely help weak pupils to take the appropriate acquisition manners for dissimilar educational undertakings. 2.2 Learning manners in schoolroom The schoolroom still remains a good and comfy topographic point for pupils in larning their linguistic communication. Specifically, pupils ‘ acquisition manners have to be taken into history while learning English. In a survey by ( Haynes, 2001 ) , the linguistic communication scholars use certain manners, particularly in their female parent lingua while larning their linguistic communication, and these manners are transferred when they learn a foreign linguistic communication. Similarly, several surveies ( Oxford 1993 ; O’Malley and Chamot, 1990 ) showed that pupils of linguistic communications used assorted larning techniques such as memorisation, repeat, and imitation, development of positive feeling to linguistic communication and application of information. In a research survey by ( Hayes, 1997 ; Strevens, 1978 ; Harmer, 1983 ) , big English categories are frequently related to miss of control and concentration, break, schoolroom interaction, peculiarly deficiency in the ability to talk English fluently. Furthermore, overcrowded category is one of the restraints on effectual instruction and acquisition. Besides, big categories cut down instructor ‘s attending, produces existent physical uncomfortableness and distraction that negatively affect scholar ‘s attitudes towards their acquisition. Bloom ( 1976 ) , making chances for little category group work which helps each other and proves to be a utile manner to actuate pupils and right mistakes. He besides believed that the size of the group is one of the chief elements which influences in linguistic communication acquisition. In covering with the jobs associated with big categories, Nnaji ( 1991 ) proposed tutorial categories as a solution to assist cut down the threat of big categories. She accepted as the truth that tutorial categories should be used to shorten the defects of big categories. Harmonizing to her, tutorials are debate Sessionss where instructors and pupils talk to each other and show their positions on subjects they did non wholly understand The learning manner of Kampuchean pupils is typically memorisation at the disbursal of realistic intent. Consequently, they would instead larn grammar and reading than on hearing and speech production. Specifically, most Kampuchean scholars feel more comfy and gratifying with holding things which are written on the whiteboard in order that they can compose them down and survey at place. Hopefully, pupils hope to acquire press releases of sum-ups or talk lineations. Furthermore, some Kampuchean scholars reveal that they face a batch of force per unit areas of how to accommodate the new cultural environment and how to acquire on with their equals in category. Some feel lonely because the ways they dress or talk are so different. ( Nguyen 2001 ) However, a figure of personality features have been associated with successful linguistic communication acquisition. These include being willing to take hazards ( Ruben 1979 as cited in Willis 2001 ) , holding self-confident ( Heyde as cited in Freeman and Long 1991 ) , and being interested ( Ellis and Sinclair as cited in Willis 2001 ) 2.3 Vocabulary acquisition In larning a foreign linguistic communication, vocabulary plays a critical function. It is one factor tie ining with the four accomplishments such as speech production, listening, reading and composing. In a research article by Mohd et Al. ( 2009 ) , investigated the rating larning vocabulary schemes of undergraduate EFL scholars and its relation to the scholars ‘ vocabulary size. There are five assorted classs of vocabulary larning schemes such as finding, memory, societal, cognitive, and metacognitive. Consequently, the findings of this survey led to some suggestions to better pupils ‘ vocabulary acquisition, developed their vocabulary size, and enhanced their English acquisition. As for the instance of EFL Cambodian schoolrooms, Keuk ( 2009 ) , found that most instructors use practical accustomed learning methods such as vocabulary interlingual rendition from 2nd linguistic communication to first linguistic communication. Therefore, pupils are taught to memorise balls of English linguistic communication with chiefly focused on grammar and vocabulary. Maghsodi et Al. ( 2010 ) , reading should be encouraged either inside or outside category because it is the most of import tool which helps supply scholars with the vocabulary acquisition. It is believed that the more scholars are exposed to new words, they more they are likely to retrieve them. In the survey by Minji ( 2008 ) , explored which vocabulary direction is more helpful for larning English vocabulary. Consequently, each instructional attack is required to analyze, reappraisal, and integrate to find the utility as a whole. In the visible radiation of the major findings of this survey is that vocabulary direction is effectual overall for EFL scholars even though there are some instructional attacks which are non related to effectual acquisition. Harmonizing to National Reading Panel ( 2000 ) , helped find the effectual deductions of vocabulary direction for first linguistic communication scholars, including learning vocabulary both straight and indirectly, the importance of repeat and multiple exposures to vocabulary points, reconstituting vocabulary undertakings, and implying active battle in larning undertakings for vocabulary. 2.4 Grammar acquisition Grammar is viewed as an indispensable component for communicating to take topographic point because it identifies how linguistic communication is used. Harmonizing to Larsen et Al. ( 1997 ) , the misinterpretation of the function of grammar is recognized to the fact that it is ever considered to be governed by many fixed regulations. As for the instance of Mat et Al. ( 2010 ) , turn outing the assorted between the methodological outlooks and the scholars in contrast to the existent instruction methodological analysis followed by their teachers. More significantly, this research article focuses on the five facets medium of direction, including grammar direction, teachers as theoretical account, the utility of boring, apery and memorisation, and the usage of educational tools which is pertained to the foreign linguistic communication methodological analysis. In the determination of the survey, a serious divergency between pupils ‘ mentality and their existent schoolroom in footings of how grammar is instructed. Besides, grammar regulations should be explained and should non be trained and taught explicitly. 2.5 Reading manners Reading involves a assortment of factors which may hold an impact on scholars ‘ reading ability. Weaver ( 1988 ) defined reading as the procedure of building intending through the energetic interaction among the reader ‘s bing cognition, the information recommended by the written linguistic communication, and the state of affairs in reading context. In a survey by ( Miller A ; Yochum, 1991 ; Donnell A ; Wood, 1999 ) , maintained that the reading troubles pupils face may be related to inaccurate cognition of the reading procedure, deficiency involvement and motive, eloquence, construct denseness, organisation, and hard vocabulary. Comprehension or reading schemes show how readers conceive of a undertaking, how they make sense of what they read, and what they do when they do non understand. In short, such schemes are procedures used by the scholar to heighten reading comprehension and overcome comprehension failures ( Singhal, 2001 ) . In a 2nd linguistic communication survey, Hosenfeld ( 1977 ) used a think-aloud process to place dealingss between certain types of reading schemes and successful or unsuccessful 2nd linguistic communication reading. The successful reader, for case, kept the significance of the transition in head while reading and skipped less of import words but the unsuccessful reader lost the significance of the sentences when decoded and rarely skipped unimportant words. 2.6 Speaking manners Speaking is a key for pass oning worldwide. It is the productive accomplishment in linguistic communication acquisition, which places a great demand on pupils ‘ logical and critical thought. In the article by Widiati ( 2006 ) , discussed jobs in the instruction of EFL speech production, activities usually practiced, stuffs normally used in EFL speech production categories, and appraisal of unwritten English proficiency. Based on the determination, Indonesian scholars often have non achieved a good degree of ora1 English proficiency. For illustration, Mukminatien ( 1999 ) showed that pupils of English section have a batch of errors while talking. The errors consist of pronunciation, grammatical truth, vocabulary, eloquence, and synergistic communicating. Likewise, Ihsan ( 1999 ) found in his survey that pupils are likely to do mistakes, including the abuse of parts of address, syntactical building, lexical pick, and voice. Ihsan et Al. ( 1999 as cited in Eyiyuliwati 1997 ) , showed that pupils had troubles in utilizing grammar and in using new vocabulary points in talking category. When the ability to talk English is a really hard undertaking sing to the nature of what is included in speech production. Not all of the pupils in an EFL speech production category have the courage to talk. Many of the pupils feel nervous in a speech production category and some are likely to maintain silent. In the research by Padmadewi ( 1998 ) proved that pupils go toing a speech production category frequently felt dying because of demands from the speech production undertakings necessitating them to make presentation separately and spontaneously within restriction of clip. While Tutyandari ( 2005 ) , stated that pupils maintain quiet due to the deficiency of autonomy, prior, cognition about subjects, and hapless relationship between instructor and scholar. In order to cover with pupils ‘ limited cognition, she recommended talking instructors make active the pupils ‘ anterior cognition by inquiring inquiries associating to subjects under argument. Besides, she suggest ed that pupils ‘ self-pride can be improved and their jitteriness reduced by inquiring them to work in little groups. To accomplish a higher quality of the instruction of EFL speech production and to better the speech production accomplishment of Indonesian EFL scholars, Mukminatien ( 1999 ) , suggested instructors give their scholars more equal input for acquisition in the schoolroom and force them to utilize English either in or outside the schoolroom. More specifically, Citraniugtyas ( 2005 ) stated that a soundless speech production category can be made more active by delegating undertakings which develop pupils ‘ critical thought accomplishments. Purjayanti ( 2003 ) found presentation to be helpful to promote pupils to pass on thoughts in their Fieldss of survey. She added that through presentation and its readying pupils were able non merely to pattern speech production, but besides to seek for stuffs and present them in a planned manner. Small group treatment is an extra activity that can be conducted in EFL speech production schoolroom. Its purpose is to ease scholars to be participated actively in a treatment refering with pupils ‘ limited figure. In a survey of Murdibjono ( 2001 ) demonstrated that discoursing in little groups is an effectual activity so that pupils have more clip to pattern talking with their schoolmates. 2.7 Listening manners Listening is a critical component in the competent linguistic communication public presentation of EFL university pupils. Therefore, listening comprehension is an of import sill, every bit good as requirement for unwritten proficiency. In the survey of Goh ( 1997 ) , troubles to listening compaction can be divided into individual cognition and undertaking cognition. The obstructions of individual cognition are: the restriction of vocabulary, idiomatic look, sorts of input with new construction, fast address. While the undertaking cognition related to new vocabulary, assorted local speech patterns, address rate, the involvement and intent of listening, bing cognition and experience, physical factors, and the length of sentence construction. However, he suggested two schemes for assisting scholars become better hearer. The first is direct scheme ; it aims at increasing perceptual experiences. Learners L2 can better the hearing by practising perceptual experiences sound, content, pronun ciation of new words, words, and modulation characteristics. The 2nd is the indirect scheme ; its purpose is to better cognition about talkers, undertakings, and scheme. Harmonizing Hann ( 2000 ) , the usage of uneffective larning schemes of scholars may impact their hearing comprehension and scholars ‘ experience. Assorted sorts of listening comprehension may do some jobs due to the insufficiency of the message from factors associating to the talkers ‘ address, and to the scholar proficiency in listening comprehension. Furthermore, it was found that EFL scholars are ill equipped with effectual hearing schemes, accomplishments, activities. To assist better better the hearing comprehension, in a survey by Wen-sheng ( 2007 ) , conducted in China, hearing is really important input, but many of the pupils in Chaozhou Normal College, Hanshan Normal University, and Chaozhou Guangdong were upset with listening. In the determination of the survey, there were a batch of important listening techniques which were neglected by instructors. However, a research worker suggests that more listening schemes should be taught in categories and learning program is given. 2.8 Writing manners In the article by Hafida ( 2010 ) , conducted in Tlemsen, Algeria, analyze both the university demands for the English academic grade in Algeria, and pupils ‘ demands so as to better a pedagogical model that would react both exigencies. As a consequence of the probe, the research worker suggested the execution of a scheme such as based authorship course of study for EFL university pupils that would develop their strategic competency and consolidate their lingual cognition. Since the Chinese pupils ‘ hapless communicative ability in unwritten and written English, there is a concern in English instruction and acquisition in China. In the article by Yan ( 2006 ) explored a successful method so as to develop pupils ‘ speech production ability. As a consequence of the determination, Scenario-based Learning, two brooding theoretical accounts are introduced to better the unwritten and composing in English. Scenario-Based Learning ( SBL ) is a structured method for calculating out some issues impacting the lives of specific persons or groups of persons. Besides, It confronts pupils with an of import context based on existent life state of affairs which requires them to take portion in an imagined series of events. In the survey by Osman ( 2010 ) , investigates the troubles faced by novice academic authors and proposes recommendations to assist these authors to be better collaborative authors. In the determination of the survey, novice authors have troubles during their collaborative authorship, including inability to work with their spouses, hapless linguistic communication proficiency, hapless research accomplishments, holding limited clip to discourse, missing thoughts, confronting emphasis during collaborative authorship, ; hence, it is suggested that the university and the lectors should supply them with the chances of ( 1 ) supplying intensive reading plan ; ( 2 ) learning interpersonal accomplishments ; ( 3 ) instruction clip direction ; ( 4 ) supplying pre-collaborative writing Sessionss ; ( 5 ) supplying pre-collaborative writing Sessionss ; ( 6 ) and supplying teacher/ equal aid Harmonizing to Bereiter and Scardamalia ( 1987 ) as cited in Rouiller ( 2005 ) , composing by and large suffers from deficiency of interaction that stimulates unwritten production in conversation. However, to guarantee successful acquisition, Lam A ; Wong ( 2000 ) as cited in Lourdunathan A ; Menon ( 2005 ) , believe that scholars should show appropriate concerted behaviour and peer support. It is necessary because some pupils have troubles in forming their thoughts and are weak in English linguistic communication every bit good. This can impede them from take parting in their collaborative work. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1Research design Since the purpose of this survey significantly focuses on a private university in Cambodia, the research worker will utilize a qualitative attack. The research worker will research the acquisition manners of EFL Cambodian university pupils. The instance survey method tends to consistently look into an event or a set of related events with the specific purposes of depicting and explicating this phenomenon. ( Berg, 2009 ) 3.2 Participants This is a instance survey which explores the acquisition manners of Kampuchean university pupils. The participants of this survey will be selected from a private university in Phnom Penh. The sample will dwell of 6 pupils, who are analyzing English Literature in that university. Besides, the research worker will take both female and male pupils. Before carry oning interviews, the research worker will do an assignment and advise the grounds of visit to the Rector of University. 3.3 Instrument With the intent of acquiring trusty information, unstructured interview, informal conversation and participant observation will be used in order to obtain dependable informations. Interviews will be taped and open-ended inquiries ( see below appendix for inside informations ) . In add-on to the above interviews, category observation will be utile tool to obtain informations. The observation checklist will fundamentally concentrate on pupils larning manners both in schoolroom and outside schoolroom. 3.4 Data Collection Since the qualitative informations aggregation process requires the research to plunge wholly in the nature scene, the research worker will transport out unstructured interview after observation and taking notes. The interviews will dwell of open-ended inquiries and tape-recording ( see Appendix below ) for the inside informations. Prior to transporting out the interviews, the research worker will inquire permission from university curate and pupils. The research worker expects each interview will take around 50 proceedingss and occur in the university or outside the university. The options for choosing site for interview will be provided for the participants because it helps cut down the participants ‘ troubles. Furthermore, the survey aim will be verbally informed to participants before carry oning interviews. With permission from participants, the research worker will utilize tape-recording to enter the whole interviews. The research worker might inquire different participan ts to reply the inquiries based on their penchant. The research worker will personally detect English pupils utilizing participant observation techniques. The observation will fundamentally concentrate on pupils larning manners in schoolroom. The pupils will be asked to supply their responses about the acquisition manners of EFL Cambodian university pupils based on their thoughts. The experimental protocol will include the descriptive activities in the scene and brooding thoughts from the research worker. Besides these observations, informal conversation will be made with participants in order to obtain deeply their perceptual experiences about linguistic communication acquisition manners. The research worker may take a few brief notes in the field puting but take notes of learning techniques and behaviours after observation. 3.5 Data Analysis The research worker will form and fix the information for analysis every bit shortly as the information has been collected from the participants. Then the research worker will pass tonss of clip reading all informations and listening to tape entering in order to cancel the irrelevant information. Next, the research worker will code the text to categorise the information. Furthermore, relationship of informations will be identified to construe the significance of informations collected. Finally, in order to guarantee the dependability and cogency of informations, the research worker will seek to reread the informations and inquire researcher squad to look into the information. Furthermore, matrixes and graphs will be specifically presented. Therefore, they will visualise the troubles of Kampuchean EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners 3.6 Ethical Consideration To successfully carry on this survey, the research worker will take into consideration about some precautions. First, the consent signifier will be given to the participants to subscribe if they truly agree to fall in in the survey. Second, the intent of this survey will be clearly informed to participants in order to construct common apprehension and resonance. Third, the research worker will deeply state the participants that their engagement will be voluntary and halting from interviews will be the participants ‘ pick. Finally, the research worker will maintain informations collected in secret topographic point which no 1 besides research worker will hold entree to acquire it. Furthermore, I will convey together the names of participants but maintain them confidential. Personal identifiers will be released to the populace in a manner that protects the designation of participants. 3.7 Limitation of Research This survey is guided with the undermentioned restrictions, which affect the generalization of the determination. First, the survey merely focuses on university English pupils in Department of English. Second, the survey may be limited in its analysis or generalization as it will be conducted in one Kampuchean private university, in which 6students will be selected. Third, since this survey will chiefly research merely of import acquisition manners, some points might be ignored. However, the intent of this survey is non to supply the wide generalisation but to research the acquisition manners of Kampuchean university pupils in a private university in Phnom Penh. Therefore, the above-named combination fortunes might restrict understanding and rating ; nevertheless, these are by and large overwhelmed and controlled by the research design. 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Drug use and abuse free essay sample

In Music Videos Music videos back In the day use to Just be fun and nonviolent. In todays society the music videos are far from what they use to be. You have rappers who rap about the drugs that they are taking and some even use the drugs in their videos. Parents of pre-teens and teenagers who spend several hours each week listening to popular music and watching music videos may be surprised to learn that as many as one third of songs in certain genres promote the use of alcohol and drugs.You have USIA artist like Ill Wayne, Wiz Kalmia, Snoop Dog, Future, Trinidad and many other artist who portray drugs In their music videos and in the lyrics to their music. The brands in most cases are associated with advertising that depicts a luxury lifestyle of drug use, partying, sex, and wealth. These are the only thing that rappers rap about anyways In todays society, Ill Wayne was recently In the hospital because he mixed a cough syrup with sprite to make lean which Is not good for you and he started to have seizures which put him In a coma. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug use and abuse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In their videos these rappers are smoking, drinking constantly and acting a fool. Especially in Ill Wanes music video called No Worries whereas he acted a complete fool as if he were on drugs plus that is all he rapped about. Just as I learned in this class that you cannot mix certain drugs together because it can have a negative side effect on you and too much of it can cause you to overdose.But as teenagers and adults we still buy records, download music, watch videos, attend concerts, and blast our stereo speakers when our favorite songs are played on the radio because we enjoy it. But watching these videos and listening to these lyrics Influence in more ways than one to attempt the things that hose musicians are portraying in their music videos. When artist like ASAP Rocky and Ill Wayne started to rap about lean everybody wanted to try and everyone started to do It. People would post pictures all over Instating happily talking about lean or drinking dirty sprite. Maybe is rappers would rap about something more positive than just weed, alcohol, sex, and other drugs than people wont get so easily influenced. A lot of famous musicians died for overdosing on some type of drug and thats bad. But we will forever listen and admire their music. But we should never let them be the standard for how we live.